Do superficial cuts have access to bloodstream. The cut is accompanied by severe pain.

There are several superficial vein thrombosis treatment options. Superficial venous thrombosis in the upper extremity most commonly results from IV infusions or catheterization. Read less. Jan 17, 2023 · The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. Wash needlesticks and cuts with soap and water. The wounds may drain pus and develop a yellow crust. Arterial access is gained by surgical cutdown or percutaneous approach. Data on the usefulness of superficial cultures in a subpopulation using The cut starts to bleed. Do not reuse or share washcloths or towels. Wait for minor bleeding to stop. Innervation. Surgical revascularization for symptomatic MMD is an effective treatment for preventing further stroke. Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus and flexor digitorum superficialis. However, if the cut is bleeding out then there's no way for HIV to get in. With flesh-eating strep, the bacteria also make chemicals that block the body's ability to respond to the Therefore, superficial cultures (skin and hubs) are good diagnostic tools for predicting catheter colonization and C-RBSI. Jul 5, 2023 · The technique also allows for access to parts of the body that would be very traumatic to expose in open surgery. You don’t have to press down so hard that you cause yourself pain and cut off circulation. Wash your hands before attempting to care for the wound. When your skin is injured due to any form of injury such as cut or abrasion, there is bleeding due to leakage of blood flowing from the damaged vessels. Made by a high-pressure Mar 15, 2024 · Symptoms of superficial phlebitis. Embolectomy is the removal of an embolus that is blocking blood flow. That is unacceptable. Make sure you gently pat the area dry with a clean towel or washcloth. Anticoagulants. This is the most common cause of venous insufficiency. The bacteria can travel to locations deep within your body to cause infections that affect: Internal organs, such as your brain (meningitis), heart (endocarditis) or lungs (pneumonia) In general, call your child's doctor for cuts and wounds of the nose that are: Bleeding and do not stop after five to 10 minutes of direct pressure. It also tends to be cited by the sorts of people who push “non-toxic” products, which is very much a BS marketing tactic. Dec 19, 2023 · The term hematoma describes an area of blood that collects outside of the larger blood vessels. A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue Apr 15, 2019 · When you do get a superficial paper cut, clean the area, try not to separate the edges of the cut, and apply some antibiotic ointment and a bandage to help keep the skin together and free from infection. There can be large cuts, superficial scratches, or small marks grouped together (i Oct 12, 2023 · The veins of the head and neck collect deoxygenated blood and return it to the heart. May 16, 2024 · Infected wounds: Symptoms are similar to those of cellulitis and may cause a fever and sick feeling. The pressure also minimizes seepage of blood through the needle holes, which can later make suture removal more painful. It’s so far from the truth, and it’s cited with such an air of authority that it really ticks me off. Oct 26, 1997 · Then ask the patient to spread the fingers widely. broken glass. Sep 30, 2007 · Once the repair is finished, I have the patient put light pressure on the wound with 1 finger for 10 minutes. If you've cut a blood vessel though, you might need surgical repair. Most people will see a paper cut heal within two or three days. Rinse the wound with clean water and wash around the wound with soap and water to reduce the risk of infection. falling onto something sharp See full list on verywellhealth. ) A result of a foreign object impaling the area. Grazes are also known as abrasions. Early recognition and quick treatment are key to surviving sepsis, but many people do not know what it looks like. The dorsal venous network of the hand drains the blood from the palm of your hand and sends it upward to the basilic vein. com Skin cuts. In order to thoroughly understand its structure, the anatomy of the upper limb is broken into compartments, such as regions, bones, joints, muscles, nerves and blood vessels. Removing a sample of tissue for testing, called a biopsy. Wash clothing, washcloths, towels, and sheets or other items that have touched infected areas in hot water. It courses superolaterally over the lateral aspect of the ilium and traverses the fascia lata to appear in the inguinal region. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. The dermis is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the papillary region, and a deep What happens in my body when I get a cut? - BBC Science Focus Magazine. If the bleeding is profuse, hold pressure for five to 10 minutes without stopping to look at the cut. Central lines are used to give fluids, medications, blood products, nutrition and to draw blood for labs. he CNS is crucial to the operation of the body, and any compromise in the brain and spinal cord can lead to severe difficulties. If the patient can't do these, you must look for the specific deficit. The provider can decide if more treatment is needed. Lacerations are a deep cut or tear of your skin — they usually have irregular jagged edges. The virus must get Jul 24, 2023 · The lymphatic system in the intestines mainly functions to provide homeostasis in the GI tract by filtering fluids, blood cells, and plasma proteins that enter the tissue from the blood. May 28, 2024 · Sepsis is your body's severe response to an infection that has entered your bloodstream. Use warm water and soap and rinse at least for 30 seconds to ensure your hands are clean. May 1, 2024 · Minor cuts and scrapes usually stop bleeding on their own. Anyone who is sexually active should be tested at least once a year, preferably every Aug 30, 2020 · vertebral arteries. razor cuts. Cuts from an animal or human bite. For these reasons, minor abrasions are considered superficial skin wounds and are easy to treat at home. Toxic shock syndrome: A severe form of septicemia, toxic shock syndrome (TSS) symptoms include fever, muscle aches and a rash that looks like sunburn. Then the doctor releases the ulnar artery. 3: Circulation and the Central Nervous System. Epithelial and connective tissues are found adjacent to each other because: Epithelium is avascular and needs to exchange oxygen, nutrients and waste with the blood of highly vascular connective tissue. Elevation. Raise a wounded arm or leg above your heart to slow the bleeding. (Hint: Where do the cells of the epidermis get their oxygen and nutrients?) The cells of the epidermis receive oxygen and nutrients from blood vessels located in the dermis. stabbings. Cuts that remove all of the layers of the skin like those from slicing off the tip of a finger. A cat or dog bite or a wound made in fresh water can also become infected and lead to lymphangitis We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Dec 20, 2014 · Best. Varicose veins seem to be the main risk factor for The myth that “60% of what’s applied to your skin is absorbed into your bloodstream” is one of my pet peeves. HIV is not transmitted through surface scratches, such as paper cuts. Even small scrapes or cuts can allow germs–including viruses and bacteria–to enter the blood stream, causing an infection which can lead to sepsis. The cut is accompanied by severe pain. Wash around the wound with soap. Jon. The upper limb is truly a complex part of the human body. Ask a doctor. Bleeding into the skin may cause only discoloration, or the spot may be swollen and tender to the touch. More than 1. The cutting can be random or very ordered and sequenced. When you apply pressure, you’re pressing the blood vessel against muscle and bone to cut off the blood flow to your cut for a short time. May 12, 1997 · Thank you for your question. Wounds can be surgical (a cut made during an operation) or due to trauma. The thickness of the skin might also increase, as the cells in the stratum granulosum might continue to undergo mitosis if they had the access to oxygen and nutrients. Keeping the wound under running water will lower the risk of infection. This blood activates platelets, fibrin, and clotting factors in the blood that soon form a clot over injured surfaces to prevent further Jun 2, 2022 · Cover the wound. Venous drainage of the scalp and face: Drained by veins synonymous with the arteries of the face and scalp. An injury can cause blood vessel walls to Bleeding heavily and do not stop after five to 10 minutes of direct pressure. Individuals with self-harm issues also cut their breasts, thighs, back, hips, and legs. A wound is a break or damage to the skin's surface. Angioplasty is a technique using a thin tube passed into a narrowed vessel, and a balloon inflated to squeeze the atherosclerotic plaques against the vessel walls Jun 1, 2023 · Compression. In order for HIV transmission to occur, 3. Also a cut or wound that is in the process of healing and scabbing over is unlikely to allow entry of the other person's blood. This compartmentalization helps to focus on the necessary Apr 25, 2022 · Bleeding into the skin happens when small blood vessels burst just below your skin’s surface. 3. The goal of treatment for basal cell carcinoma is to remove the cancer completely. You can wait a minute to see if the bleeding will stop before you do anything about it. The superficial temporal artery is the 8th and final branch of the external carotid artery and is certainly a large artery of the head. A member of your health care team asks about your health history and looks at your skin for signs of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Cuts over a possible broken bone. Which treatment is best for you depends on the type, location and size of your cancer, as well as your preferences and ability to do follow-up visits. If a bacterial infection does occur, the cat's open wound will likely abscess. Nov 2, 2023 · Definition and function. Muscles. The nail fold is where the skin and nail come together. May 31, 2022 · Background Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic progressive disease leading to recurrent stroke due to occlusion of the terminal internal carotid arteries. The clot blocks the regular flow of blood, increasing the pressure inside the veins, which in turn, stresses and Nov 3, 2023 · Removing pubic hair with a razor can be one of the most significant causes. Deeper cuts, of course, may require medical attention. Treatment selection can also depend on whether this is a first-time or a recurring basal cell carcinoma. Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: The cut reopens. I guess the challenge is to assess whether the cut is superficial or deep. This is usually for the purpose of providing intravenous therapy (e. Small branches of the basilic vein transport blood May 16, 2024 · The flow in the wrong direction is also known as venous reflux. Oozing small amounts of blood is normal. Clean the wound. Finally, ask the patient to spread the thumb away from the palm. Rinse the affected area with clean water to remove dirt and debris. Infected wounds tend to build up […] Jul 8, 2023 · Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with bandages until they heal. Avoid contact with other people's wounds or bandages. New leg pain — such as a calf cramp or charley horse — could . [10] Also, dry your hands well before touching the affected area to reduce the risk of infection. If the artery is not transected during the excision, the ligature can be cut and the blood flow resumed. immunodeficiency, or loss of immune function. The bacteria begin to grow and release harmful substances (toxins) that kill tissue and affect blood flow to the area. In general, call your child's doctor for cuts and wounds of the face that are: Bleeding and do not stop after five to 10 minutes of direct pressure. You have symptoms of infection, such as: Increased pain, swelling, warmth, or redness around the cut. Lingers throughout the day. Symptoms. If needed, gently press the wound with a clean bandage or cloth. If the cut is bleeding then there could be a theoretical risk. Cleaning and covering the wound daily until it heals. things must happen: You must be exposed to pre-cum, semen, vaginal secretions, blood, or. 7 million Americans get sepsis each year, and about 350,000 people in the United States die from sepsis annually. The more hidden the scars are, the more severe the problem of self-harm tends to be. e. It runs inferior to the inguinal ligament towards the superior iliac spine Aug 29, 2023 · The result of an animal or human bite. For any self-injury you also need to be careful of infection. Doesn’t get better with leg elevation. Paronychia can develop when bacteria enter broken skin near the cuticle and nail fold, causing an infection. Sonja Lekovic/Stocksy. Superficial scalp wounds do not gape because of the strength of the underlying aponeurosis, which holds the margins of the wound together. If this happened 10 years ago that means you haven't been tested in 10 years. Jan 14, 2016 · Cutters sometimes cut in secret. Cuts that have pus or liquid. chronic steroid use. Then, apply a sterile bandage Whether you have cut yourself whilst chopping vegetables or while gardening - cuts can be healed at home by using the appropriate products. The CNS has a privileged blood supply, as suggested by the blood-brain …. Pus draining from the cut. Covering your wound with a bandage or wound dressing. 0 Likes. a cut is swollen, red and getting more painful or pus is coming out of it. However, if the aponeurosis is lacerated in the coronal plane, deep scalp wounds gape because of the contraction of the frontalis and occipitalis muscles, which contract in opposite directions. HIV does not survive long outside the body, so the risk from blood left behind on objects is minimal. 146 Views v. A person’s symptoms and overall health can influence the type Jun 10, 2007 · In one exchange a writer said he thought the cut had to be fresh and bleeding for HIV to have access to bloodstream. Summary. epidermis is the superficial of three layers of the integument. Applying a topical antibiotic ointment to the abrasion to prevent infection. They eventually drain into deep vessels. Dec 19, 2013 · Prior research has shown that genetic thrombophilias only minimally increase the risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with a history of superficial venous thrombosis. May 1, 2001 · Microbiological data suggestive of bloodstream infection caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, rather than contamination, include the following: multiple positive blood culture results, quantitative cultures of blood samples drawn from a catheter with ⩾100 cfu/mL, and isolation of the same organism from quantitative catheter cultures Oct 30, 2023 · Lymphatic system (anterior view) The lymphatic system is a system of specialized vessels and organs whose main function is to return the lymph from the tissues back into the bloodstream. Cuts are also called incisions. Jul 18, 2023 · See files for Cats. The virus, once in your body Sep 7, 2023 · Press down for 10 minutes. Traumatic wounds could be a result of falls, accidents, fights, bites or weapons. g. Raise the area until the bleeding stops. Deep or longer than 1/2 inch. Superficial venous thrombosis is a blood clot in a superficial vein of the upper or lower extremities or, less commonly, in one or more veins of the chest or breast (Mondor disease). 1. When the skin has been damaged, various structures such as blood vessels or nerve endings will have also a wound has soil, pus or body fluids in it, or it's still dirty after cleaning it. The superficial circumflex iliac artery is a branch of the femoral artery that originates inferior to the inguinal ligament. Superficial cuts will usually stop bleeding if you put pressure on them. Feb 25, 2022 · Occurs suddenly or more dramatically than usual. [2] 3. A Broviac is a type of central line that allows for long-term access to blood. Just because someone has Jan 18, 2023 · There are two types of abrasions: Minor and deep. Nov 1, 2019 · car accidents. But you do need to apply firm pressure. Usually, bleeding into the skin is minor and Dec 5, 2022 · The superficial temporal artery is a terminal branch of the external carotid artery. 2. However, direct revascularization of advanced MMD remains challenging due to small caliber of the recipient vessel and perforators Potentially, because the superficial cells would have better access to the blood supply. May 25, 2023 · Once the hand is opened the hand is blanched white, as no blood is flowing into it. Deeper cuts must be carefully sutured back together, matching all three layers of the mammary tissue Aug 16, 2021 · Paronychia is nail inflammation that may result from trauma, irritation or infection. A group of five muscles found in the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm, mainly in charge of movements of the forearm, hand and fingers. Leg pain. The surgical approach has a relatively high local complication rate. Apply pressure. It is commonly used by anesthetists (anesthesiologists) who can readily access its pulse in the temporal region, above the zygomatic arch and above the tragus. If the cloth becomes soaked with blood, put a new cloth on top of the old one. Small abrasions, like a linear abrasion less than 2 inches, may not need a bandage due to the size. There is an entry site where the catheter enters the blood vessel and an exit site where the central line comes out of the body. Healthcare providers treat pain and swelling with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. fluids, medications) or for obtaining a blood sample. The condition typically happens in the arms or legs and causes inflammation, pain, redness and swelling. These can range from being minor to life threatening, depending on the tissue affected, amount of blood loss and the risk of bacterial infection. Yeah but I've heard from advisors on poz forums that superficial cuts do not provide access to a persons bloodstream even though those cuts are bleeding. This minimizes the amount of blood that oozes from the wound (oozing blood can slow healing by separating wound edges). However if the cut is deeper, you will likely need stitches. Deep vessels – drain the deeper structures of the body, such as the internal Dec 1, 2000 · Superficial cuts can be cleaned and treated with topical antibiotic ointments and a bandage. center of the body. If you have a minor cut, the bleeding will normally stop on its own. As a result, deeper abrasions may bleed If there is no access to your blood stream then no. Psychologists can help you learn healthier ways to Any wound to the ear cartilage that is more than just a superficial cut or laceration should be checked by a healthcare provider. Surgical wounds (intentional cuts in the skin to perform surgical procedures) Gunshot wounds (wounds resulting from firearms) Miscellaneous wounds may include: Thermal wounds: Extreme temperatures, either hot or cold, can result in thermal injuries (like burns, sunburns and frostbite) Chemical wounds: These result from contact with If small old superficial cuts have access to blood stream for risk of hiv, or it should be actively bleeding. The function of the femoral artery and its branches is to supply your lower body with blood. Jun 16, 2023 · Use a clean washcloth to do this. Microscopic wounds are more common with pubic hair removal, which makes it easier for germs to access them. Apply what you learned CH 5. Remove any contaminated clothing. FAQ. Nov 21, 2023 · The wound was caused by an animal or human bite. Endocarditis: This infection of the lining of your heart muscle is often caused by staph infection. Your skin may appear red, purple, blue or black. Causes of venous insufficiency include: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot in the deep veins of your legs. Jan 26, 2024 · The function of the basilic vein is to drain the blood from portions of your hand and arm so it can go back to the heart and lungs to be oxygenated and pumped out again. Cuts caused by a crushing injury. This includes cuts, nicks, burns, abrasions and acne sores. Nov 3, 2023 · Major arteries of the shoulder, arm, forearm and hand. Your tissues need blood to get oxygen and nutrients. Lymphatic system is considered as a part of both the circulatory and immune systems, as well as a usually neglected part of students' books. Dec 17, 2018 · The lymphatic vessels transport lymph fluid around the body. They may be cuts, lacerations or grazes. It is defined as a primary laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection in a patient with a central line at the time of Mar 14, 2023 · You can contract hepatitis C if your blood comes into contact with the blood of someone who has the virus. The regions above and below the umbilicus drain into axillary lymph nodes and superficial inguinal nodes, respectively. Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) is probably the most feared complication . In certain types of wounds, developing an infection is more likely. Nov 3, 2023 · Synonyms: none. When the superficial temporal artery enters the scalp in the temporal region, it gives off two Apr 2, 2013 · The virus starts to die the moment it leaves the human body. A fever. The causes of open wounds on cats are varied, but they are most commonly related to a trauma. May 3, 2024 · The femoral artery is the main blood vessel supplying oxygen-rich blood to your lower body. (You may need a tetanus booster shot or oral antibiotics, as well as stitches. There are two main systems of lymph vessels – superficial and deep: Superficial vessels – arise in the subcutaneous tissue, and tends to accompany venous flow. Cuts caused by a metal object or a puncture wound. Cuts with an object embedded in them. Oct 30, 2023 · Superficial temporal artery. Answers (2) Like the answers? Consult Bleeding heavily and do not stop after 5 to 10 minutes of direct pressure; If the bleeding is heavy, hold pressure for 5 to 10 minutes without stopping to look at the cut. Scabs are one of the main indicators of tissue healing. Wound infections can be prevented. It can affect fingernails or toenails. If the cut is a superficial cut then it’s likely to heal on its own with a simple dressing and it will heal quite nicely. Self-care Immediately After Exposure to Blood and OPIM. breastmilk. 8%. 8 In the report published in this issue of Blood, Roach et al use data from the Multiple Environmental and Genetic Assessment of risk factors for venous thrombosis (MEGA) population-based case control study 9 that enrolled Obsidian is EXTREMELY sharp, and you don't need blood flowing from a wound in order for the wound to heal. We describe superficial femoral artery (SFA) access as an alternative to CFA exposure to minimize wound complications and to facilitate swift Jul 18, 2023 · Infection can develop in any type of wound. Feb 23, 2020 · Specializes in Psychiatry. Predict what would happen to the cells of the epidermis if blood vessels in the dermis constricted and decreased blood flow for several hours. After traversing the parotid gland, it runs superficially to the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. And May 25, 2022 · Also known as a bloodstream infection, bacteremia occurs when staph bacteria enter the bloodstream. Below are some treatment options: Home Care : Superficial wound infections (infections on the surface of the skin), like those from small cuts, scrapes, and abrasions, can be treated at home with ointments, creams, topical antibiotics, and Nov 3, 2023 · Blood-­CSF barrier (BCSFB) The blood-CSF barrier is often confused for the blood-brain barrier, while in fact it is only a part of it. Nov 30, 2022 · It all depends on whether the cut is deep or not. getting bitten. It is a superficial vein that is located anteriorly to the cubital fossa region. Aug 5, 2022 · Superficial thrombophlebitis, or superficial vein thrombosis, is a blood clot that occurs in veins under the skin (superficial veins). chickenpox. A fever and low blood pressure are signs of bacteremia. Bruises, blisters, or swollen areas caused by injury may be treated by placing an ice pack or cold pack on the area every 1 to 2 hours for 10 to 15 minutes for the Mar 2, 2022 · 1. Jan 14, 2024 · Abrasions are superficial cuts or scrapes to skin that occur due to impact, pressure, or friction. you were bitten by a person or a wild or stray animal. In order to have access to a persons bloodstream a wound has to be so significant that it requires stitches. A cut is an opening in the skin which has been caused by a sharp object such as a knife or scissors. This contact allows the virus to enter your bloodstream. Red streaks leading from the cut. You want to use a bandage or dressing on the wound after cleaning. It would be highly unlikely that even with broken skin, HIV infected blood would have a way to enter that cut. The most common causes for puncture wounds include: stepping on a sharp object, such as a nail. Do not lift off the original cloth. Percutaneous ligature is a simple and helpful technique to avoid unnecessary arterial bleeding, thereby providing hemostasis and maintaining visibility during excision. Flush splashes to the nose, mouth or skin with water. They range from minor to severe and can occur anywhere on the body, including the face, head Necrotizing soft tissue infection develops when the bacteria enters the body, usually through a minor cut or scrape. Cuts that have damaged underlying nerves, tendons, or joints. Anatomically, the venous drainage can be divided into three parts: Venous drainage of the brain and meninges: Supplied by the dural venous sinuses. They are neat, straight wounds in your skin. In addition, waxing could result in marked superficial cuts. Bear in mind that even in the case of a healthcare worker who should experience and accidental needlestick involving a patient with known hepatitis C the risk of transmission is only about 1. The cuticle is the skin at the base of the nail. Do not lift the original cloth. People with chronic skin conditions are more likely to have cuts and wounds at the time of hair removal. Located close to the eye Cuts and scrapes can happen, but a simple wound, if not treated properly, can quickly become a serious health risk. a cut is larger than around 5cm (2 inches) you've cut yourself and also feel generally unwell or have a high temperature. Connective tissue is avascular and needs to exchange oxygen, nutrients and Oct 14, 2023 · Venepuncture is the practice of obtaining intravenous access. The blood-CSF barrier actually refers to the tight junctions between the choroid ependymal cells, which control the passage of molecules between the underlying capillaries and cerebrospinal fluid. Minor abrasions only affect the skin’s top layer and usually do not bleed. It's not possible to do all of these maneuvers unless the ulnar, radial, and median nerve are all intact. 13. These blood vessels leak into surrounding tissues. Rinse the wound with water. If the hand fills with blood i. Hematomas can be due to injuries or trauma in the area. They are superficial (surface) injuries to the upper layer of your skin. Jun 7, 2022 · Symptoms include fever and dangerously low blood pressure ( hypotension ). Apr 17, 2023 · diabetes. Oct 1, 2021 · Treatment. The functions of Oct 2, 2021 · Areas rich in blood vessels — such as all of your head — may bleed more than expected. So is a cold sore a severe wound which allows access to the blood stream (not blood Nov 4, 2019 · The majority of endovascular aneurysm repair procedures are performed through the common femoral artery (CFA). The median cubital vein is a common site of venepuncture. However, they have been tested only in patients with short-term central venous catheters, who are mainly admitted to intensive care units (13, 16). Do not share personal items such as towels, clothing, or cosmetics. It originates at the level of the neck of the mandible. In fact, it's better that the edges of the cut are so clean, since that makes less work for the fibrin and other mechanisms to close the wound, so the resulting scar will be much less visible. It starts in your upper thigh, near your groin and runs down to the back of your knee. Self harm cut: It depends on where you have cut, and how deeply. Openings in the skin are potential viral entry points. Aug 11, 2023 · Tests and procedures used to diagnose squamous cell carcinoma of the skin include: Physical exam. Some of the symptoms of superficial phlebitis include: Redness and warmth: The skin over the affected vein often appears red or discolored Nov 1, 2022 · However, if you have serious injuries that have become infected, you’ll need professional medical care. turns pink, then the ulnar artery is patent, that the collateral supply via the ulnar artery is intact and it is safe to perform the procedure. Scalded skin syndrome: Most common in newborns and preschoolers, it starts with a small staph infection and can cause a rash, blisters, and fever. Nov 16, 2018 · Unfortunately, complications are not uncommon despite the many improvements in caregiver behaviour observed over recent decades. Deep abrasions, on the other hand, affect deeper layers of tissue. uh yn ki on sv su vl mx rt ht