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Even though the vitamin hasn't been proven to prevent colds, drinking lemon juice with hot water sooths sore throats and is Apr 16, 2024 · Learn about Ayurveda, curanderismo, Gullah Geechee, and Traditional Chinese Medicine, four world herbal traditions that embrace the art of traditional medicine. , folklorist, and executive director of the Foxfire Museum and Heritage Center in Mountain City, Georgia, however, many mountain healers practiced their folk medicine Anti-inflammatory arnica, from the same family as asters and daisies, is said to reduce swelling and bruising. Often, this came through a relic or emblem of a saint, said to protect the wearer from the ailment, or to cure it when touched. g. Pumpkin, Corn and Tomatoes. Healers, Curers, and Herbalists: Folk Medicine in America. ”. Some reflect a belief in magic. r The average (modal) respondent endorsed 5 out of 11 items in Study 1 (M = 5. Our folk medicine roots: Spain and Africa North American colonial history, and the American herbal tradition, started long before the British arrived here. “Oatmeal is a helpful natural ingredient because it acts as a humectant so it helps your skin retain moisture. Oct 2, 2020 · The popularity of this folk medicine has spread beyond the members of the tribe, with many of the treatments showing similar properties to established Western medicines. Dec 20, 2021 · Belief in the benefits of the cure, a type of folk medicine that interweaves home remedies with superstition, religion and a sprinkle of magic is still a way of life in pockets of Ireland. Grapefruit seed. Shah. It is the sum total of the knowledge, skill, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness. Dropsy. Oct 23, 2020 · A Pacific Islands folk remedy. In this study, folk remedies refer to herbs, over-the-counter medications, and items traditionally used for cooking that are used to treat a variety of ailments. In this three hour knowledge share we will give a brief history of folkways of The Philippines and The Philippine Diaspora. Remedies are based on plants, charms, and rituals from various cultures. In an effort to cope with an environment that was often dangerous, humans, and their ancestors, began to develop ways of lessening pain and treating physical and mental problems. To cure yellow jaundice, eat nine chicken lice on bread and butter. The Healing Traditions of Appalachia, or Folk Remedies, are mingled with the herbal knowledge of the Iroquois and other Woodland Indians. , prayers for healing or the idea that sin can cause disease) and material elements (e. ” This ancient acknowledgment of elderberry’s healing properties laid the foundation for its continued use in Nov 3, 2015 · The witches market is full of Peruvian delicacies like this, which double as food and folk medicine. Cover the herbs with carrier oil of your choice, filling the jar to 1 inch from the top. “Make an at-home face mask using oatmeal,” suggests Dr. Among members of the Hispanic community, powdered folk cures known as greta or azarcon remain popular treatments for children suffering from stomachaches or teething pain. If the patients lived, they were convinced of the effectiveness of the cure. Rose hip tea is full of vitamin C and can help prevent colds in advance— before cold symptoms start. A typical homemade medicine containing such ingredients as bits of rue, juniper berries, walnuts, dried figs, and salt and prepared when the sun was high in the sky was believed to cure multiple ailments if taken on a regular basis. Author: Dr Ross Mitchell, Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Let the two settle for a few minutes. (1) Tea made from leaf buds taken from the birch tree eases your migraine. Also antiseptic and antibiotic. Elderberry Syrup, a cherished Appalachian folk remedy, draws from a history that stretches back as far as 400 BC, when Hippocrates, often referred to as the “Father of Medicine,” revered the elder tree as his “medicine chest. These include both religious elements (e. Folk medicine involves a belief in the effectiveness of a chosen cure. Jan 1, 1997 · This book brings out the stories of the thousands of years of selection people have gone through looking for natural remedies for disease. Get to the root of the problem! Some methods of folk remedies in another study also revealed to be similar in the present study which include Folk Medicine in the Philippines: A Phenomenological Study of Health-Seeking Individuals boiling, concoction, and decoction. These practices commonly involve herbal medicine, massage therapy, cupping therapy, spiritual healing, and various rituals and ceremonies. Mexican folk healing practices have a long and rich history that dates back centuries. From these origins, augmented by centuries of experiential trial and error, a body of knowledge and lore developed in each Welcome to Earth Clinic - Your Ultimate Destination for Tried and Tested Natural Remedies. To whip one up combine ½ cup hot water (not boiling) with 1/3 cup oatmeal. Jul 24, 2020 · Bronchitis and Coughs: “Put a sliced onion in hot oil and leave until the onion has let out all the juice and looks dead. The Czech Republic emerged from the former Czechoslovakia in 1992 but brought with it a rich Bohemian history that includes well-trusted folk remedies and natural medicines to support physical and mental health. To meet the growing interest in natural antibacterial agents, we evaluated the physicochemical and biological properties of the folk medicine known as "five thieves' oil" (Polish name: olejek pięciu złodziei). Dec 13, 2023 · Mexican folk medicine also relies on the healing properties of aloe vera. This approach often incorporates medicinal plants, spiritual rituals, and therapeutic Dec 1, 1997 · Folk medicine comprises those “unofficial” health practices and beliefs found in all societies. Even in highly developed societies, traditional healing strategies coexist with the avant-garde medical establishment and at times are even incorporated by the latter into a Jan 24, 2019 · Directions. Sep 25, 2019 · Given the relatively short existence of scientifically bound and evidence-based medicine, traditional healing and folk remedies are ubiquitous across cultures. Herbal remedies especially, including stinging nettles and sage, have a long history of usage in Conversely, however, some ancient Celtic remedies, such as giving the thyroid gland of a sheep born on St Brigit's Day to a child with cretinism, may have been compatible with the scientific facts that form the basis of modern therapeutics. They are typically made with alcohol, vinegar, or witch hazel as a base, infused with herbs known for their analgesic or anti-inflammatory properties. Traditional Herbal Remedies Used in Mexican Folk Healing. Removes pain, penetrates all three layers of skin and heals quickly. Although modern medical methods have become more Apr 10, 2024 · Old Florida Folk Magic: Midwives, Hoodoo & Folk Remedies (Pt 2) kitty fields April 10, 2024 15 mins 2. Render the fat of a polecat. By the time the English landed at Plymouth Rock, Spanish colonials and their African slaves had already been living in the southern section of North America for close to 100 years. As part of WHO’s overall traditional medicine strategy, it has a strategic focus on evidence and learning, data and analytics, sustainability and equity, and innovation and technology to optimize the contribution of traditional medicine to global health and sustainable development. Discover the herbs, spices, and rituals that support health and wellness in different cultures and regions. Many! Nothing points out the fickle nature of folk remedies as clearly as the amazing number of wart remedies…most which DO WORK, for certain people in certain circumstances. The importance of self-care and prevention of illness are stressed. Rooted in age-old beliefs and practices, this form of healing harnesses the wisdom passed through generations, often blending natural remedies and spiritual Nov 15, 2013 · 4. Although in the past “ herb men and women ” were the main agent of the medicinal landscape (I13), over the last few centuries folk practices have become more widespread and are no longer in the hands of special knowledge people folk medicine: [noun] traditional medicine as practiced nonprofessionally especially by people isolated from modern medical services and usually involving the use of plant-derived remedies on an empirical basis. Apr 23, 2020 · 4. B & W Ointment. Discover the wisdom of generations Jun 18, 2011 · Try popcorn soup. The time spent researching, asking questions, and doing footwork was well spent and the results? The use of castor oil is especially prominent in rural North Carolina and was referenced as a home remedy in several of the SOHP interviews. “Perhaps the most well known Amish folk remedy is B & W (Burn and Wound) Ointment, a treatment that incorporates burdock leaves. Cultural awareness of health care practices and beliefs is increasing, but knowledge regarding Hispanic folk remedies and health care practices and beliefs is limited. Fig mash. Native American (NA) traditional healing is identified by the National Institutes of Health/National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) as a whole medical system that encompasses a range of holistic treatments used by indigenous healers for a multitude of acute and chronic conditions or to promote health and wellbeing. The origins of herbal medicine lie in the common verifiable experience of the human race, in observing which plants the animals ate when they were feeling sick, and following their example. Jun 1, 2004 · Folk illnesses, home remedies, and other traditional practices pose a significant challenge for ED Summary Some racial or ethnic groups, such as Asian Americans, view health from a variety of different perspectives, sometimes simultaneously. 15 Furthermore, most cultures have utilized herbal medicine to be effectual therapies for the treatment and even According to her research, folk medicine in Armenia dates back nearly three millennia. This openness to combining folk remedies and magical cures with modern medical techniques was typical of Hasidim and Misnagdim alike, of both the learned and the illiterate. Jan 1, 2024 · January 1, 2024. One of the key components of these traditional healing methods is the use of herbal remedies. Besides the scholarly Ashtavaidya tradition of Kerala, many hereditary healers who specialized in specific maladies, such as poison therapy ( vishachikitsa ), children’s diseases Introduction. Apr 27, 2014 · 1. Onion rub. Herbalism is a traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice based on the use of plants and plant extracts. Jack Santino. Good old Bizzy/Kola nut and Cerassie are used to make tea and are an integral part of Jamaican life. Medicinal plants and their applications are as diverse as the tribes who use them. “This oil, extracted from cod fish, provides a rich source of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids, which are the primary omega-3s you need to support heart health, brain health, eye health and maternal health,” Palinski Background: Folk remedy use is universal, occurring in all cultures. Cover with boiling water and let stand for 15 minutes. 2 While Mar 1, 1995 · "A fascinating book by a distinguished Vermont physician. Herbal remedies have been used by curanderos, or traditional healers, to treat a wide range of ailments and promote overall well-being. HCG. Traditional medicine, however it is conceptualized, has had, and continues to have, an important role in the therapeutic practices of many people around the globe. To help your heart, scrape off the black stuff (creosote) off the skillet and use it in a tea (the creosote stimulated the heart). Lie on your back and place one cucumber slice (about one-eighth inch thick) over each closed eye. The castor plant has a longstanding history in the traditional folk medicine of ancient cultures, with archeological evidence from the Border Cave in South Africa even suggesting its prehistoric use . Many of these folk medical practices are older than scientific medicine. Jun 29, 2022 · What to know about hanyak. Home remedies, the most common form of folk medicine today, were once used to treat the majority of illnesses not likely to be fatal. Hurting feet can be soothed by immersion in a hot water and mustard solution. For over 20 years, Earth Clinic has been one of the top alternative health sites on the internet, trusted by thousands of people worldwide. Herbs/plants, the major component of traditional materia medica in the world, are of the main forms of life on earth. In more conventional medicine, it’s estimated that somewhere between 40% and 70% of all medicines in use today come from traditional or folk remedies, says Colin Wright, a researcher specialising in pharmacognosy (medicines from Homemade. Apply these rags to chest. Disease, disorder, and discomfort, whether mental or physical, are inevitable. ” (Maria Jimenez) Gordolobo is a plant often recommended for Liniments. Sep 1, 1995 · Black folk medical beliefs and practices in Texas, derived from African and European folk medicine, consist of home remedies, herbal remedies prescribed by root doctors, and treatments administered by conjurers. Easy skin healer. Smith, Ph. to tradit ional health knowledge and healing practices anchored on. Mar 22, 2024 · The WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre (GTMC) is a knowledge centre for traditional medicine. Jun 27, 2021 · In the spirit of her ancestors and in traditional rituals, Angela will lead an introductory offering on Philippine Folk and Herbal Medicine. Cucumbers contain antioxidants that studies have shown help decrease swelling and relieve pain. About Anderson's Texas Folk Medicine. It may taste like licking a medicine cabinet, but at the very Dec 22, 2020 · Traditional Remedies: Czech Republic. Peru is known for its shamans and healers, and some the most exotic remedies can be found right Some believe ‘bush rat soup’ is the stuff of legend, but others swear by the use and curative properties of rat soup. Jarvis spent years practicing medicine in the Green Mountains and observed the natural wonders of Vermont folk medicine. At first, many of the ways of treating these problems undoubtedly came through trial Apr 30, 2021 · even magic and sorcery. Tamanu Oil is used for a huge variety of skin conditions, from acne to eczema, sunburn, hemmorhoids, wounds. [1] The World Health Organization states that it is mostly practiced by indigenous or native populations and as much as 80% of the Nov 8, 2018 · Presented here are some folk medicines and remedies used in the early Ozarks. Jan 14, 2024 · In the Philippines, folk medicine is deeply ingrained in cultural beliefs and is perceived as effective in addressing health concerns, making it a valuable resource in healthcare. A relatively modern term, folk medicine has come to mean the care of the sick by unlicensed healers, including those who practice herbal and magical medicine. Folk Medicine Remedies and Cures. (2) To prevent a headache, take two teaspoons of honey at every meal. Our community of health enthusiasts has shared their experiences and knowledge of natural remedies since 1999. Potato juice. Plus, this fish oil has other health benefits. Step into the fascinating world of traditional Filipino healing practices, where ancient wisdom and modern medicine intersect to form a unique tapestry of wellness. From the late seventeenth century on, physicians with “Western” training together with health care reformers emerging from the developing Jewish bourgeoisie attempted Dec 17, 2023 · Herbal remedies play a significant role in Mexican folk healing, as they are believed to have powerful healing properties that can address various ailments and imbalances in the body. Dr Tu May 14, 2024 · Learn about the practical uses and historical lore of herbs as natural remedies from the Old Farmer's Almanac. “A tea made of chestnut leaves and drank in the place of water will cure most obstinate cases of dropsy in a few days. Oct 20, 2022 · Folk medicine consists of traditional healing concepts and methods used in past cultures by people deemed to have the healing power. Ukrainians follow many bits of folk medicine. It refers. In traditional Mexican healing, aloe vera is used to treat burns, cuts, and other skin irritations. In Hawai‘i, the “Waianae Diet” and “Pre Aug 10, 2023 · Traditional medicine is sometimes seen as pre-scientific, its practices and treatments to be replaced by modern, better, more efficient science-based medicine. Since the mid-19th century, this field has become an important subdiscipline of folklore and in recent years has become of increasing interest to many people in the modern Apr 24, 2024 · Traditional Irish herbal remedies reflect a rich tapestry of folk medicine, representing a vital link to the island’s history and cultural identity. Sep 19, 2018 · Old-time remedies like cod liver oil may naturally help the pain of arthritis. Read more about ways to avoid the cold in the first place. Methods: This study utilized a phenomenological approach to comprehend the lived experiences of health-seeking individuals and the meaning behind their acquisition of folk medicine products. Dandelion has long been used as a decoction to fight bile and liver problems. There will be an emphasis on relevant medicine for our current times as a Oct 27, 2015 · Five old remedies that are still healing us today. Five thieves' oil consists of a mixture of five oils: rosemary, lemon, clove, eucalyptus, and cinnamon. If the headache is already there, eat a tablespoon of honey; it quickly finds its way into the bloodstream. Nov 12, 2022 · Apply a mixture of camphor, mutton tallow, soot, pine tar, turpentine, and lard to chest. indigenous beliefs Sep 6, 2011 · Beginning with an illustrated guide to the herbs and roots used in traditional Appalachian healing, “Mountain Folk Remedies” is a fascinating collection of historic remedies ranging from the practical (burdock tea will help aching feet) to the magical (carrying a buckeye in your pocket will help lessen arthritis). Lemons and other citrus fruits are packed full of vitamin C. In Mexican folk healing, herbs are considered to be gifts from nature, and their use is deeply rooted in the belief that the earth provides everything we need to Apr 22, 2024 · Across cultures and continents, folk healing practices remain an intricate and vital component of traditional medicine, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of societies worldwide. Nov 17, 2023 · Traditional medicine has a long history. When the first European colonists came to this unknown country, they brought familiar plants and seeds for food and medicines, as well as the available herb books of that age. It features influences from traditional Chinese medicine. ( Find organic dandelion leaf here or in your own yard!) 5. Replace the slices with a cooler pair every two or three minutes, for up to 15 minutes total. Six months ago, I set off on a journey into the mysterious world of old Florida folk traditions, herbalism and spiritual practices. One of the recent winners of the Nobel Prize for medicine discovered a breakthrough drug after poring over 2,000 ancient herbal recipes. To care for colds, rub on coal oil (kerosene or turpentine) or rub on Jan 21, 2023 · Introduction. Make an onion poultice by roasting an onion, then wrapping it in spun-wool rags and beating it so that the onion juice soaks the rags well. Today, indigenous plants are central to efforts to improve dietary health for current generations. Nov 21, 2017 · According to T. 26, SD = 2. Stir the mixture with a clean, dry spoon, screw on a tight lid, and allow it to sit in a dark, warm spot. Dr. Clear broth, hot tea with honey, warm apple juice, and/or warm water with lemon and honey also do the trick. Passed down through generations, these remedies have been used for centuries to treat various ailments and promote overall well-being. For generations, these natural cures have been rooted in the daily lives of the Irish people, becoming an integral part of Ireland’s heritage. In a clean, dry pint jar, place enough dried calendula flowers to fill jar 1/3 of the way full. Wart Remedies. Mar 1, 2023 · These healers practice a type of folk medicine that combines indigenous healing methods with elements of colonial Chinese and Spanish medicine. Folk medicine is a field that falls under medical anthropology. Research on folk healing practices is an on-going project of Science and Society program’s History of Indian Healing Traditions. Beyond their medicinal benefits, indigenous plants were a staple of Native people’s diet before Western contact. Dec 5, 2019 · Moisture retention. Hot lemon. , “a hot breakfast” to prevent winter colds or the use of “jewel weed” to treat poison ivy). Folk remedies for both official and unofficial illnesses may also be used, sometimes in conjunction with biomedicine, sometimes not. Many folk remedies were relatively simple and did not require the assistance of a specialist. Folk remedies are used by nearly everyone to some extent, since self-care often has an element of folk beliefs or traditions, such as the therapeutic value of foods like chicken soup, rice, potatoes, and garlic Feb 23, 2016 · Depending on your ailment, you may be told to drink sage, oregano, peppermint, fennel, chamomile or an herbal tea to ease your pain. Apr 29, 2021 · In the Philippines, Quiapo is a well-known site for folk medicine services, cultural diversity, religious practices, and economic activities. Folk remedies have been and still are relied on in the black community. Apr 13, 2024 · The movement towards folk medicine is also a response to the limitations and side effects associated with conventional Western medicine. Other remedies and their recipes included: To cure a toothache, pick the tooth with a coffin nail, the middle toe of an owl, a needle used to make a shroud, or a splinter from a tree struck by lightening; apply the juice of the "toothache plant" (prickly ash), pack the tooth with cotton soaked in oil of cloves, rub it with sumac (poison oak Jul 23, 2021 · Many folk remedies also involved asking the dead for help, in one way or another. Often based on religious beliefs, these practices are used to cure diseases and promote emotional and physical well being. For a stuffed nose: chop up some garlic and boil it in a pan, then stand over it and breathe in the fumes. 17 May 23, 2018 · FOLK MEDICINE. Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies, including indigenous peoples, before the era of modern medicine. Explore the historical origins of these healing traditions, deeply rooted in the rich cultural heritage of the Philippines, and discover the pivotal role played by Sep 24, 2023 · Traditional Herbal Remedies Used in Mexican Folk Healing. Burns are a particular thread to the Amish community because heating, lighting, and cooking often involve an open flame and flammable liquid fuels. Here are some examples of folk remedies still practiced today. They must be addressed and alleviated, and people have invented elaborate systems for identifying, systematizing, and controlling them. Apply a plaster of this to the chest and back. Jun 1, 2010 · Native American Traditional Healing Systems. Dec 20, 2016 · Therefore, cures such as the one recorded by Slagle had a fifty-fifty chance of working. This study used a focus group interview format for an open discussion of folk remedies and the health and illness practices of the participants. All of these contain carotinoids, powerful antioxidants that are shown to lower mortality rates from chronic disease. Texas Folk Medicine: 1,333 Cures, Remedies, Preventives, & Health Practices is now available as a free e-book at the UNT Digital Library and The Portal to Texas History. A 1979 Folklife Festival , Medicine Show, Crafts. The topic of traditional medicine and the role it plays in global health is a vast one, so the authors are by necessity selective in the discussion of this topic. Eat a teaspoon of the soggy stuff every 15 minutes or so. Intellectual property rights protection should be extended to traditional medicine because some of them have treasured products they have worked with over generation and need to be supported for protection rights. 1 The World Health Organization states that it is mostly Mar 24, 2023 · Folk medicine in South Tyrol is still practiced by people from very different groups (I2-3, I9, I11, I13). Herbal medicine in Ireland draws from a diverse Research on the use of folk remedies among white Appalachian elders and rootwork among African American elders, although scant, has encompassed home remedies. While it is important that medicines and treatments are tested and validated using studies, using traditional practices as a source of inspiration can be key for tomorrows medicines. A good all-round first aid kit remedy. 13–16 Earlier studies, such as Loudell Snow’s ethnography of African American folk medical systems, found extensive use of remedies by African Americans. We don’t think this old folk remedy for nausea sounds very appetizing, but perhaps it worked for someone: Air-pop some popcorn and put it in a bowl. “Hanyak” is a type of traditional Korean medicine that uses herbal and folk remedies to treat illnesses. Apr 2, 2011 · Traditional medicine should be officially legalised and made part of the official health care system in Cameroon. A cold can be treated with honey, lemon and hot tea. They relieve everything from belly aches and nausea to high cholesterol and the symptoms of gout. Medicinal Oils. J. Therapies treat the whole person (body and mind) as opposed to focusing only on the part of the body where symptoms occur. 1 The World Health Organization states that it is mostly practiced by May 14, 2014 · According to the usual narrative of the history of progress, medicine in the European Middle Ages – from around the 5th to the 15th centuries – was a formless mass of superstition and folk Many of us fall back on folk medicine remedies for ailments, whether they’re proven to be effective or not. Introduction. The herbs of the Armenian highland were especially well-reputed among ancient writers, like the Greek physician Galen or the famed Islamic philosopher Ibn Sina, who wrote on the healing properties of Armenia’s clay in his treatise The Canon of Medicine Apr 22, 2024 · At their core, these healing traditions are built on the belief that health balances physical, spiritual, and emotional well-being. ” (The Huichol Indians) “Make a tea of bougainvillea blossoms; purple is best, and drink when you are thirsty. What is less known, however, is its contribution to modern science and medicine, and a long history of traditional products and practices being translated into effective treatments for While lead paint remains the main culprit behind American children's exposure, lead-filled folk remedies were the second-biggest source as of 2008 [source: AP]. Eat raw honey. Cucumber for eyestrains. Holy wells are one of many aspects of folk medicine that feature in Cecily Gilligan’s new book. . Folk Healing Traditions. (3) Bring equal measures of water and apple cider vinegar to the boil. May 14, 2021 · Abstract. We are witnessing a fusion where modern science and traditional remedies supplement each other, offering a more holistic approach to wellness. A 2013 review of 174 people with hand arthritis found that arnica gel reduced pain and improved function in the hand as effectively as an ibuprofen gel. We asked editors at some of our Reader’s Digest editions around the world to share those that work for them – and then we checked out which ones are backed up by research. May 15, 2023 · In South Africa, for example, around 27 million people are thought to be solely relying on traditional medicines. Aloe vera is known for its soothing and moisturizing effects on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products. Jul 1, 2020 · In both studies, we find that folk theory endorsement is pervasive. Folk medicine is the mixture of traditional healing practices and beliefs that involve herbal medicine, spirituality and manual therapies or exercises in order to diagnose, treat or prevent an ailment or illness. Dandelion. Oregano oil. Folk medicine has existed for as long as human beings have existed. D. Welcome to folk medicine Your Gateway to Time-Honored Healing! 🌿 Dive into the world of ancient remedies and traditional cures with our expert-guided journey. 84), and 4 out of 11 items in Study 2 (M Sep 23, 2023 · A holy well in Mulhuddart, Dublin, which was believed to cure all sorts of ailments. The knowledge and techniques of traditional Mexican healers, or curanderos, are rooted in a holistic approach to medicine. Feb 19, 2024 · Herbal Remedies. Abstract. " NEW YORK DAILY NEWS For centuries the vigorous and healthy families of Vermont have passed down simple commonsense home remedies for all sorts of common aches and pains, from one generation to the next. Headaches. 1-3. In the realm of traditional Mexican folk healing, herbal remedies play a significant role. Liniments are liquid preparations applied to the skin with a rubbing motion, designed for relieving pain, stiffness, or sore muscles. si qt xu cc zd ow ev vm vf pg
