Life orientation test. id/r3ah8te/auto-otpad-coms-review.

Take note that sexual orientation is different than gender identity. Other characteristics include conflict,misbehavior, neglect, substance abuse. June Exam. , “If something nice happens Feb 1, 2011 · Life Orientation Test (LOT) The LOT-R was administered in its standard format (Scheier et al. This paper consists of 9 pages including cover page. to do with the body. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that dispositional optimism, as measured by the LOT-R, is bidimensional, consisting of an Optimism and a Pessimism factor The document describes the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), a 10-item questionnaire used to measure optimism and pessimism. Examples of sexual orientation include heterosexual (“straight,”) homosexual (“gay,”) bisexual, pansexual, and more. Sexuality isn't as rigid as we may be taught to believe. Of the 10 items, 3 items measure optimism, 3 items measure pessimism, and 4 items serve as fillers. 76) and . The "Life Orientation Test-Revised" (LOT-R) is used to evaluate the personal disposition toward optimism. Since the test is written in English and based on an American population, it cannot be used to conduct research on optimism with the French-Canadian population. Three items measure optimism, three measure pessimism, and four are filler items. SC) Examination in Life Orientation. your connection with and belonging to your broader environment. International Journalof Psychology, 38(6), 390-400. A multi-countries study using the future item from the LOT-R, found that level of optimism varied between countries. The internal consistency of the dispositional optimism total from the LOT-R was . Dear Teacher. ,&Celis-Atenas,K. Dec 16, 2020 · The Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier & Carver, 1985) was developed as a measure of dispositional optimism. 313. The German translation of the LOT-R is introduced and tested using a sample of 4938 individuals ranging in age from Much of the research on optimism and pessimism has made use of the Life Orientation Test and its revised version the LOT-R. true. Expand. The present study examined the test's psychometric properties in a Japanese cultural context. Several studies done using this instrument pointed to controversial results regarding the construct of uni-dimensionality and also for co-incidences with anxiety trait, self-esteem and self-mastery [18–20]. 3 to 2. , 1994). Previous years term 1, term 2, term 3, term 4 CAPS Grade 7 Life Orientation Question Test Papers are Free for Grade 7 Learners. LOT-R is a revised version of the original LOT (Scheier & Carver Description: The Life Orientation Test (LOT) was developed to measure individual differences in optimism versus pessimism. Previous studies of the convergent and discriminant (vis-à-vis neuroticism) validity of the LOT have relied solely on questionnaires. The alternate keying Sexuality Test / Sexual Orientation Test. Jan 8, 2022 · The Optimism–Pessimism Short Scale–2 (SOP2) described in this article measures the psychological disposition of optimism with two items. May 1, 2015 · Studies of the dimensionality of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), considered as the gold standard in the measurement of dispositional optimism, yield controversial results due to the various factorial solutions found. Jul 25, 2017 · Background/Objective: The most common used instrument to measure optimism, both in psychological and medical research, is the Life Orientation Test- Revised (LOT-R). Get info about the different choices/options. -Diarrhoea causes 3 million deaths in South Africa every year. physical. a social group of people that either live in the same environment or share a common interest. Another way is to search for the papers online. 2021. Respondents rate how much they agree with statements about optimism and pessimism on a 4-point scale. Response options: 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0, “Strongly disagree” to 4, “Strongly TLDR. Respondents rate each item on a. Responses were distributed across the entire scale, with a slight skewed left for positive items and slight skew right for negative items. In 1985 Scheier and Carver set out to begin to explore the possibility that optimism, construed as a stable personality characteristic, has implications for the manner by which people regulate their actions. The German translation of the LOT-R is introduced and tested using a sample of 4938 individuals ranging in age from 18-101 years. Keep in mind that this is not a diagnostic tool, and sexual orientation is a complex and personal aspect of identity that can evolve over time. 0 Fork this Project Duplicate template View Forks (0) Bookmark Oct 1, 2016 · Life Orientation Test (LOT) is to assess the individual’s difference in optimism and pessimism developed by Scheier and Carver . Age: Adult. Decide what would be the most informed and responsible decision. TRUE or FALSE. The LOT-R is a 10-item scale that comprises three items (reflecting optimism) that are scored positively, three items (reflecting pessimism) that are reversed scored and four filler items people about your own age. They developed a scale to measure optimism, the Life Orientation Test (LOT), that has been used in several studies over the years. This test is thought to be a standard psychological assessment method for optimism. Evaluate the situation-think about what this decision means to you. Lifestyle. 1073). Unusual in this scale is that only 6 items are analyzed, the rest are filler items (Scheier & Carver, 1994, p. The YLOT includes seven optimism items (e. social. The internal structure of the revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R, German version; M. in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67:1063–1078, 1994) is a brief measure for assessing dispositional optimism. Mean scores were similar for the 3 age cohorts (Younger: 2. November exam. Life Orientation Test - Revised. The Italian version of the LOT-r has a one Feb 1, 2011 · The revised Life Orientation Test was administered to 653 twins (40% males) to unravel the genetic and the environmental components of method effect associated with positively worded items To examine the utility of the revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) to measure optimism among Hong Kong Chinese, the psychometric properties of the revised and the original versions of the Life Orientation Test were compared. Respondents indicate their level of agreement on a 5-point scale. This scale consists of 10 items on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 = Strongly disagree to 4 = Strongly agree. 3. The group of people with whom we grow up often do things in a certain way. CONTROLLED TEST SUBJECT : LIFE ORIENTATION GRADE : 12 TASK 3 : CONTROLLED TEST TIME : 2 HOURS MARKS : 100 YEAR : 2023. NAME: _____ GRADE 12: _____ INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION The Life Orientation Test (LOT) was designed by Scheier and Carver (1985) [full citation needed] to assess dispositional optimism – expecting positive or negative outcomes. Design and main outcome measures The LOT-R was administered in five clinical samples, three samples of the adult general population, and one sample of adolescents. Substance Abuse, Interpersonal And Intrapersonal Factors, Diseases Study Grade 7 Life Orientation using smart web & mobile flashcards created by top students, teachers, and professors. Population-based studies about dispositional optimism and the psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test LOT-R as well as population-based norms are lacking. Scores are kept continuous rather than categorizing respondents as optimists 2 days ago · Welcome to the LIFE ORIENTATION (LO) GRADE 12 Past Exam Paper Page. Optimism has been linked to positive life outcomes and is associated with psychological (Carver & Gaines, 1987; Scheier & Carver, 1985) and physical (Scheier & Carver, 1987; Scheier et al. 79). Our collection will help you prepare for your upcoming exams by familiarizing yourself with the exam format and identifying areas for improvement. 1989) well-being. It still may not be 100% accurate, but it's better than trying to be placed into single categories. Aug 27, 2022 · The purpose of a Life Orientation Test is to measure optimism. The LOT-R utilizes no specified timeframe in its item wording, using stems such as “in general,” and “usually,” and optimism as measured by the LOT-R is expected Mar 31, 2017 · Background/Objective: The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) is often used to assess dispositional optimism. The study was conducted on a sample of 484 university students (62% males, M age = 22. Step 1: Key members of the management group participated in the training, in which they diagnosed problems and identified possible solutions using the LlFO method in order to apply specific strategies and action plans where productivity improvement was desirable. Choose the best option. 63). *By taking this free quiz, you may obtain Apr 9, 2013 · The accuracy of the Life Orientation Test–Revised (LOT–R) in measuring dispositional optimism was investigated applying item response theory (IRT). A group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in Mar 23, 2021 · The aim of this study was to examine psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). The LOT-R is a revised version of the original LOT that had 12 Jan 1, 2020 · Dispositional optimism is commonly measured with the Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier and Carver 1985). the mental picture you have of yourself. Not all the exam papers have memos. 2020. Nov 1, 1996 · Abstract. Previous studies of the convergent and discriminant (vis-à-vis neuroticism) validity of the LOT have The Life Orientation Test (LOT) was developed by Scheier & Carver in 1985 to assess individual differences in generalized optimism versus pessimism. W. This scale has been the most widely used instrument for the assessment of optimism in psychological research. It consists of eight coded statements, plus four filler items. A decade later it was revised as the LOT-R to improve the scale's accuracy in measuring optimism. This guides the philosophy underlying the teaching an. Our Study 1 was a multitrait, multimethod investigation of the LOT incorporating Gottschalk and Gleser's (1969) method of The relevance of the construct optimism in a variety of psychological and medical domains has been convincingly demonstrated by numerous studies. The items, half phrased optimistically and half phrased pessimistically, are high in face validity and simply inquire about the person's general expectations regarding the favorability of future outcomes (e Oct 1, 2008 · The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) is a self-report measure of optimism developed by Scheier et al. Scores on items 2, 5, 6, and 8 are not included in the total, and items 3, 7, and 9 must be reverse scored before calculating a total ranging The Life Orientation Test is virtually indistinguishable from measures of neuroticism, and previously reported findings using this scale are perhaps more parsimoniously interpreted as reflecting neuroticism rather than optimism. Semantic Scholar extracted view of "改訂版楽観性尺度（the revised Life Orientation Test）の日本語版の検討 Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Goal-setting skills Personal lifestyle choices, lifestyle, dominant and more. (True or False) True. The aims of this study were to test psychometric properties of the LOT-R, to provide normative scores, and to test the association between optimism and several psychological, sociodemographic, and behavioral factors. g. Aug 1, 2017 · Method: A representative population based survey was conducted in 2014-2015. Included in this Test Booklet are various past question papers. Consequently, the factorial structure of the test has not yet been fully established. 5. 79 in the undergraduate sample (optimism, α = . Life Orientation Test - LOT-R. Scheier, C. Community. ,Cordova-Rubio,N. Does not behave normally. Everything you will need to know for your Grade 8 Life Orientation Term 2 Examination!! Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. Number of items: 12 (including 4 filler items) Example of statement/item: “In uncertain times, I usually expect the best”. Kwartaal 1 Notas. Culture. Nov 1, 2020 · This entry includes descriptions of commonly used reliable unidimensional global assessments (Life Orientation Test [LOT & LOT-R], Attributional Style Questionnaire [ASQ & EASQ], Optimism Dimensionality of the Revised Life Orientation Test andthestatus of filleritems. Jun 28, 2023 · The Life Orientation Test quantifies optimism, and the revised version (LOT-R) demonstrated here is an improved version of the original with 10 likert-style items questions. Public. Carver, & M. Sexuality is incredibly complicated, which is why this test focuses on placing you on a spectrum to make things easier. (2008). Higher scores indicate higher optimism. Sep 6, 2017 · The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) 1 is a tool for measuring dispositional optimism (DO), which is defined as a generalized expectancy for positive outcomes. Found in two studies that the Life Orientation Test (LOT) had limited discriminant validity relative to measures of neuroticism. LOT-R is a revised version of the original LOT (Scheier & Carver Oct 1, 2022 · In both samples, dispositional optimism and pessimism were measured with Carver and Scheier's Life Orientation Test -Revised. Using separate optimism and pessimism scores,…. Assist teachers to adequatel. This study confirms the bi-dimensionality of the LOT-R and underpins that optimism and pessimism are two independent constructs rather than a single bipolar trait and can be employed to measure dispositional optimism or pessimism in individual diagnostics as well as in epidemiological research. Here, you’ll find a comprehensive range of grade 12 past year exam papers and memos, ranging from 2024 to as far back as 2009. , 1994): This measure was developed to assess individual differences in generalized optimism versus pessimism. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Who are your peers?, Why do some children give into peer pressure?, How can you avoid giving in to Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) This survey accompanies a measure in the SPARQTools. A 10-item measure of optimism versus pessimism. November Exam. 71; pessimism, α = . The aims of this study were to test psychometric properties of the LOT-R, to provide normative scores, and to test the association between optimism and several psychological, sociodemographic, and behavioral factors. Apr 1, 2000 · Life Orientation Test-Revised total mean scores were comparable with international samples, with normative reference data supplied to interpret individual scores. , 2011; Scheier et al. Prep for a quiz or learn for fun! Jan 30, 2024 · There are a few ways that you can access Life Orientation Grade 11 past Papers and Memos for the year 2023. English. Jun 25, 2002 · 1996. Step 2: Implementation of the strategies and action plans. Thus, following a translation of the LOT-R into French and a subsequent evaluation of its cross-cultural equivalence, the French The Revised Life Orientation Test - LOT-R is a self-report test made to measure the dispositional optimism described by Scheier and others (1994). Item Responses The distributions of responses to the 6 items from the LOT-R are shown in Table 1. The Life Orientation Test (LOT, Scheier & Carver, 1985) and the Life Orientation Test–Revised (LOT–R; Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994) are examples of this strategy. 1. Background/Objective: The most common used instrument to measure optimism, both in psychological and medical research, is the Life Orientation Test- Revised (LOT-R). Bridges, 1994) was analyzed in a sample of 46,133 participants who ranged in age from 18 years to 103 years. Carefully think about the consequences or effects of each choice. What are diseases spread by animals? Focus on positive things rather than negative things. Summaries for Gr 7 LO. Use acquired life skills to achieve and extend Nov 5, 2023 · Sexual orientation is an identity that specifies which gender (s) a person finds sexually or romantically attractive. The LOT is a brief measure of how optimistic or pessimistic individuals feel about the future and Background/Objective: The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) is often used to assess dispositional optimism. Design and main outcome measures: The LOT-R was administered in five clinical samples, three samples of the adult general population, and one sample of adolescents. Vera-Villarroel,P. It takes less than 3 minutes for adults to complete and has a 6th grade reading level. f these Examination Guidelines is to: Provide clarity on the depth and scope of the content to be assessed in the Grade 12 National Senior Certificat. Optimismevaluation:Preliminaryanalysis of the life orientation test revised version (Lot-R) in Chilean population. Oct 1, 2009 · The Youth Life Orientation Test (YLOT) (Ey et al. 4 to. 224). S. 83 in the web samples (optimism, α = . This orientation test is supposed to give you an idea about your preferences. The individual has to select their degree of agreement with each statement using a Likert-type scale that ranges between 1 (completely disagree) and 5 Background/Objective: The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) is often used to assess dispositional optimism. Jun 4, 2021 · The study aimed to investigate the status and practice of life orientation in South African schools. After testing the 1-factor structure of the scale, IRT was applied to evaluate the What is water-borne diseases? (2) -Infected water caused by diarrhoea. 3 Fork this Project Duplicate template View Forks (3) Bookmark May 1, 2017 · Background/Objective: The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) is often used to assess dispositional optimism. The LOT-R is a 6 Created Date: 8/7/2007 10:26:06 AM The most frequently used measure of optimism, the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R ( Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994) was designed as a dispositional measure of optimism. What is respiratory and lung diseases? (2) -Diseases that are tuberculosis (TB), bronchitis, and asthma. One way is to visit your local Department of Education website and download the Grade 11 Life Orientation Paper and Memorandum Pdf from them. Respondents indicate their level of agreement on a 5-point scale for statements. LIFE ORIENTATION TEST BOOKLET GR 11 2021 GUIDELINES FOR SETTING THE JUNE AND NOVEMBER CONTROLLED TESTS. 4. The Extended Life Orientation Test (E-LOT) is a longer measure comprised of items from the LOT and OPS measures, and was developed specifically to evaluate optimism and pessimism as independent Abstract. The most commonly used instrument for measuring dispositional optimism in psychological research is the Life-Orientation-Test (LOT-R). There were some revisions done with the test and a more improved version of this test came out which was named as Life Jan 4, 2021 · This study aimed to validate the Indonesian version of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), a scale used to measure optimism. Despite being adapted in over 20 countries, its validation and Dec 21, 2022 · The Life Orientation Test (LOT) The LOT is an extremely simple and quick assessment tool. (2008) of the Life Orientation Test-revised (LOT-r, Scheier and Carver, 1985) was used to evaluate optimism. 8; Mid-age and Older: 2. 283. Optimism has been linked to positive life outcomes and is associated with May 14, 2024 · Grade 7 Life Orientation past exam papers and Memos. In these scales, respondents indicate their agreement with items such as “I’m optimistic about my future” and “I rarely count on good things happening to me Many individuals question their sexual orientation from time to time based on attraction to other people. Some items are positively scored to measure optimism while others are reverse scored to measure pessimism. The Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) is a 10-item survey that measures optimism and pessimism. Dysfunctional family. The work presents the Italian version of the Life Orientation Test—Revised (LOT-R) that was analyzed in a sample of 1004 participants who ranged in age from 16 years to 81 years. El Life Orientation Test (LOT) fue creado por primera vez por Michael Scheier y Charles Carver en 1985 y publicado en Salud psicológica. , “I usually expect to have a good day”), seven pessimism items (e. 2. Give it a go! Dec 20, 2023 · This questionnaire is designed to help you explore and reflect on your feelings, experiences, and attractions to gain insights into your sexual orientation. Optimism is measured by six items on a 3-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 0 (do not agree at all) to 4 (definitely agree), featuring items such as: “In The Life Orientation Test - Revised (LOT-R) is a 10-item measure that assesses optimism versus pessimism. (1994), and adapted and validated for French by Trottier et al. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). A total of 248 Hong Kong Chinese undergraduates were studied in the fall, and 165 of these Ss were tested again 5 mo later. Jan 1, 2010 · The life orientation test-revised (LOT-R) (Scheier et al. 4-point scale: 0 = strongly disagree, 1 = disagree, 2 = neutral, 3 = agree, and 4 = strongly agree. (2009). A quick Google search should bring up a few The Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier & Carver, 1985) measures dispositional optimism in terms of generalized expectancies. Because people with a positive self-image have respect for themselves, they are able to respect others. Teens can pressure each other without even speaking. The measure consists of four positively worded items, four inverted items, and four filler items, which have been used to “disguise (somewhat) the underlying purpose of the test” (Scheier and Carver 1985, p. The aim of Life Orientation is to enable the student to: Make informed decisions regarding personal, community and environmental health. Confirmatory factor analysis . It consists of only ten statements (four of them fillers) about different ways of seeing life. The aim of Life Satisfaction: Target population: Adult: Number of items: 12: Administration format: self-report: Additional formats: Alternate forms: The LOT-R: a revised version with only 10 questions. Method: A randomly selected German general population community Nov 1, 1996 · Abstract. Act on your decision. Define what 'self-image' is to a person. 448 Japanese university students completed a Japanese version of the Life Orientati … Dec 1, 2002 · The Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier & Carver, 1985) is a common measure of optimism. org Measuring Mobility toolkit, which provides practitioners curated instruments for assessing mobility from poverty and tools for selecting the most appropriate measures for their programs. Because an empirical validation of this English-language SOP2 was hitherto lacking, the aim of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties Feb 25, 2022 · Internationally, the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R; Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994) is the tool used most often for measuring dispositional optimism. , 2005) is a child analogue of the Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, 1985), a well-established measure of dispositional optimism in adults. Seven of the studies were performed in Germany and A 10-item measure of optimism versus pessimism. Demonstrate an understanding and a commitment to constitutional rights and responsibilities, and to show an understanding of diverse cultures and religions. The Life Orientation Test-Revised (Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994) is a widely used self-report measure of optimism. Cultural differences were examined between 111 Asian American and 111 Caucasian American students matched on age and sex in a prospective design study. Life orientation is a quintessential new learning area, introduced as part of curriculum transformation in South Africa, and is intented to equip learners with the knowledge, skills, values and attitudes for successful living and learning. These papers are meant to serve as a bank of questions that you may use to develop your own papers depending on how far you have come with content coverage. Σκοπός των ερωτήσεων ήταν να μετρήσουν τον βαθμό Mar 31, 2017 · Background/Objective: The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) is often used to assess dispositional optimism. Meetinstrumenten Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) De LOT-R meet dispositioneel optimisme aan de hand van 10 items, waarvan drie positief geformuleerde items, drie negatief geformuleerde items en vier ‘filler’ items die het doel van de test enigszins dienen te verbergen en niet worden gebruikt bij het scoren van de vragenlijst (zie Tabel 2 voor de inhoud van de gescoorde items). Jan 18, 2008 · The most commonly used instrument for measuring dispositional optimism in psychological research is the Life-Orientation-Test (LOT-R). Το Eρωτηματολόγιο Αισιοδοξίας (Life Orientation Test [LOT-10]) κατασκευάστηκε για πρώτη φορά το 1985 από τους Scheier and Carver και έπειτα αναδημοσιεύτηκε το 1994. LIFE ORIENTATION TASK 3. May 17, 2021 · urpose of the subject Life Orientation. The LOT-R (Scheier and others, 1994) is the reduced and revised version of Life Orientation Test - LOT (Scheier & Carver, 1985), whose revision process improved the psychometric characteristics. Furthermore, although previous Instrument The Life Orientation Test - Revised (LOT-R) was used to measure dispositional optimism (Scheier et al. Esplorative Factor Analysis (EFA) e Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed that Dec 16, 2020 · The Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier & Carver, 1985) was developed as a measure of dispositional optimism. 322. You can further explore your sexual orientation yourself or with the help of a sex therapist who may provide guidelines on processing your feelings of attraction. Norwegian aged 18-94 years (N = 1,792) completed questionnaires assessing sociodemographic, optimism and health and Dec 4, 2022 · La Historia de la Prueba de Orientación de Vida. Life Orientation. Download all of South Africa’s June and November Life Orientation Questions and Answer Papers as PDFs for free in 2017, 2018, 2019, … Sep 1, 2015 · Life Orientation Test-revised (LOT-r) The Italian version by Giannini et al. F. 79 years, SD = 5. having to do with your links to other people in your environment. In the data of 26-year-olds, the cognitive abilities assessed were reasoning, vocabulary, verbal fluency, fine-motor skills, selective attention, impulse control, and memory, while in 46-year-olds, memory was assessed. spiritual. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. El ímpetu para diseñar la medida siguió a la observación casual de los investigadores de que algunas personas tienden a tener una perspectiva positiva The Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier & Carver, 1985) is a common measure of optimism. Jan 11, 2024 · The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R; Palgi et al. 66; pessimism, α = . This test was initially designed in 1985, by Michael Scheier and Charles Carver. The way you live your life. It is a 10-item self-report measure; four of the items are filler items that are included to disguise (somewhat) the underlying purpose of the test. SOP2 is the English-language adaptation of an originally for the German language developed scale. Availability in other languages: Fee for use: Free: Related information on use of the measure: Non-exhaustive list of psychometric studies 1. -Breathing of polluted air which causes lung infection. Apr 1, 2000 · The Life Orientation Test (LOT) was first developed by Scheier and Carver (1985) to assess the construct of dispositional optimism, which was conceptualised as positive outcome expectancies having important health implications. It is one of the more popular tests of optimism and pessimism. Design. 7MB. Scale Evaluation. Results indicated that the LOT-R is a reliable Life Orientation End Of Year Exam Grade 7 Study. 2 Within the framework of expectancy-value models, 3 behaviors are described as the product of the interaction between personal goals and expectancies about the future. Oct 20, 2020 · The LOT and LOT-R are considered to be measures of “trait” dispositions while the Optimism Pessimism Scale (OPS) measures “state” dispositions. 0KB. The provision of population-based norms is necessary, since norms enable the application of the LOT-R in Jul 21, 2011 · The relevance of the construct optimism in health psychology has been convincingly demonstrated in numerous studies. rk eg er hn lw hp zo wr lc zf